The Mysterious Forest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Mysterious Forest - Essay Example I bet you will worship me after you see them for yourself. I know how much you love a mystery†, he said, tugging at her hands. Keira looked up at her best friend and seeing how earnest he was, she decided that he was not pulling her leg. She got up from the comfortable hammock in her house’s patio and headed off after Daryl towards the forest. Before leaving, she called out to her white shepherd dog, Snow, who she knew was aching for a walk since a long time. As she and Daryl trudged along, Keira wondered how she could have forgotten how far the forest was from her home. It certainly has been long since Daryl and I used to play there as kids, she thought. Aloud, she said, â€Å"Do not leave me in suspense, Dar. At least tell me what those markings look like. Is it related to a UFO or what?†. â€Å"I myself do not know for sure. I saw them in the morning when I went to take some leaves for my sister’s science project†, answered Daryl with a look of co nfusion on his face while he fed Snow some biscuits he had brought along. When they finally reached the edge of the forest, Snow suddenly started barking and tugging at the chain. â€Å"Whoa! Easy girl†, Keira murmured, â€Å"What has got into you?†. Looking around, Keira noticed that it was getting pretty dark outside as they had left for the forest just before night started to fall in. She was just about to suggest coming back the next day, when Snow broke loose of the chain and bounded off into the forest. â€Å"SNOW!†, Keira and Daryl shouted at the same time and ran behind her. Branches and leaves whipped at their hair and faces while Daryl and Keira dashed blindly through the forest. They could hear Snow’s barking in the distant, but no matter how far they ran or how loud they called her name; her barks seemed to be going farther and farther. Daryl started slowing down and whispered, â€Å"Wait wait!†. Keira reluctantly stopped, waiting impat iently for him to catch his breath. The moon was right above their heads by now, allowing Keira to clearly make out the fright on Daryl’s face. In fact, the whole forest was lit up by the moonlight, making the tall trees cast eerie shadows everywhere. Keira felt a pang of fright herself; Snow’s barking had stopped by now which meant that Daryl and she were all alone in an unfamiliar area of the forest. Suddenly, she heard Snow yelp in pain and then everything was silent again. Before she could even react, Daryl started muttering, â€Å"No no no no it cannot be. The markings were on the other side of the forest† , backing away from her. The moon was about to get covered by clouds, but before everything went dark, Keira caught a glimpse of Daryl’s eyes- they were wide with fear and staring past her. She quickly turned around and squinted into the dark clearing ahead of her. But before she could make out anything, she heard the rustling of leaves and the cru nching sound of someone heavy walking towards them from the clearing. Daryl let out a startled cry and took off into the forest, away from her. However, Keira was rooted to the spot with fear. All sorts of things went through her mind, especially the recent news reports on television about children going missing and ending up dead. The snap of a twig brought her back to her senses, causing her to whip around and start running like crazy. Keira did not know where her feet were leading her to because the only thing on her mind was to get away from this place or rather, this ‘presence’. Suddenly, she slipped on the wet floor and losing her balance, fell hard on the ground. While struggling to get up, her hands bumped against something cold and clammy. She jolted with fear, but before she could let out a scream, Daryl’

Comparing and analysing Essay Example for Free

Comparing and analysing Essay The most obvious difference between The Times and The Mirror is the area, the Times is the size of two A3 pieces of paper and the Mirror is only an A3. Tabloids were invented around the 1950s, (a lot more recent than the broadsheet) and are a lot easier to read in tight places, such as busy London trains. The age of the newspaper can be detected in the newspaper name, for example in the Times there is an old-looking font for the name, and an aged logo with Latin on, a classic language. Tabloids smaller capacity also has an effect on the number of words they are physically able to put on a page. Even so, the editors of tabloids, such as the Mirror, over come this slight problem by using tiny font, however, the font is exactly the same size as it is in a broadsheet. A broadsheet uses a wide variety of vocabulary, about 2000-3000 different words; they use very sophisticated English to make the newspaper look as if its sophisticated and refined, while a tabloid uses something of 1000 different words. They do this so they attract their target audience, broadsheets for the supposed intelligent, well-educated public and tabloids for the laid-back part of the public. Also, because of their target audience and volume of the actual newspaper, tabloids are generally cheaper than broadsheets. The Times was 90p and the Mirror was only 45p. The tabloid has a lot more pictures and colour than the broadsheet, but the broadsheet has a lot more writing so I think they should be around the same price, however, prices are not just about the volume or the colour of the newspaper. Broadsheets cost more than tabloids because theyre making a point to their target audience, broadsheets are selling quality whereas tabloids are selling popularity, so the broadsheet sells for more to suggest in depth, truer stories than those of the tabloid. Controversially, the tabloid lowers its prices to suggest good reputation and better prices, this also makes sense if you think of the actual size of each page. If you look at the front page of the mirror, you can easily see that 90% of it is simply pictures, advertisements and two huge, bold headlines. The masthead The Mirror is bold and colour is reversed out, this is so the readers attention will first be drawn to the masthead and the words newspaper of the year below it. In the times, 30% of the front page is advertisements, headlines and pictures. The Mirror has only 3 miniature columns, the rest of the front page is advertising what is actually in the newspaper, for example, Shane Richie, exclusive: the day I wanted to kill myself this is a huge headline accompanied by a large picture of Shane Richie and his girlfriend. By having a celebrity rule the front page of the Mirror, this tabloid is attracting a larger audience than usual because many fans of Shane Richie will buy the paper for the sake of Richie in the paper. The headline also includes the word exclusive which assists this theory by saying only this newspaper has it and this is your only chance to grab it! In the times even the advertisements are expensive, one advertisement is for the best jewellers in New York! The advertisements in the mirror are far from glamorous, there is only a big, FREE sign in the top right hand corner, it promises a miniature i 2 free bet if you buy more than i 2 on sport clothing, not exactly free! But this advertisement really shows you the kind of people tabloids are aiming for, people who are interested in sports and betting. In the times, the front page is dominated by one extreme close-up picture, a face made up of the features of David Beckham and Johnny Wilkinson. This is unusual for a broadsheet, but understandable as its one of the most vivid week-ends of sport in history. Plus, the article on the two sports isnt very long, and the other articles are all about politics and education, these being very typical subjects of a broadsheet. The pictures on the mirror are very simple and are all of celebrities, this is to capture the readers attention and any fans of that particular star will be inclined to buy the newspaper if only for the reason of the celebrity. The photographs are all in very flattering light and pleasing positions, creating a better-looking celebrity than they really are, this also adds to the newspaper opinion. For example, one story on the front page is about Kieron Dyer and the charge of rape against him. It is clear from the picture alone that the mirrors opinion of the case is that Dyer is innocent. The image is a close up of his perplexed and sad looking face, the lighting is complimentary and his expression is one of a worried but innocent man. The mirror could easily of inserted a picture of Dyer looking angry and malicious, but the picture they chose suits the opinion of the story and the emotive language in the head line My rape case hell. In the Times there is only one picture, an extreme close up of David Beckham and Johnny Wilkinson, their faces split in half and carefully joined with the other. This is a very intellectual picture as you can barely tell it is actually two different people, it makes the reader look twice and it shows that even though the story is about sport, it reminds the reader that the newspaper is still a broadsheet and every story possesses an intelligent angle which causes the reader to think. In the Mirror, emotive language is used a great deal to convey their opinion strongly across to their readers, for example My rape Case Hell, this is about Kieron Dyers rape case against him. In the story it gives lots of opinions for Kieron Dyer, it also has a quote from Dyer himself, explaining how his reputation has been destroyed and how he had no involvement in the matter. It uses intense emotive language and only has the opinions of those for Kieron Dyer in the story. It mentions nothing of the girl who was raped nor any views for her case, this just goes to show how strong the opinions of newspapers can be and I wouldnt be surprised if many readers of the mirror believe these types of stories. Another problem with tabloid newspapers is often they exaggerate or completely focus of one side of the story so the other side looks completely non-existent. It is illegal for journalists to write something thats completely untrue, but they can easily get away with a lot in these ways. However broadsheets generally name both sides of the argument, but sometimes they give their opinions as all good journalists do. Alliteration is often used in newspapers as headlines; this creates rhythm and will often remain stuck in the readers head for the rest of the day. Newspapers use alliteration because phrases that have a sequence tend to stick in peoples minds and get passed through people, so soon pretty much everyone has at least heard the alliteration. An example of alliteration from a separate issue of The Mirror would be Dianas daring disguise. This alliteration would be sure to capture the readers attention and may even cause a little humour. Puns are used frequently in newspapers, especially tabloids. After writing this essay, and thinking thoroughly through each point I have made, Ive come to the conclusion that you are more likely to find pictures, advertisements and biased stories in a tabloid, it uses lots of different techniques to make it easy to read. The stories are easily found and the reader and recognise the main stories, whereas you can expect high quality stories and all the same techniques in broadsheet newspapers. However, the techniques used in a broadsheet are used in an indistinct way, so the readers have a choice as to what story they wish to read.

Political and Migration Issues Affecting Puerto Ricans in the United St

Political and Migration Issues Affecting Puerto Ricans in the United States Puerto Ricans have a very distinct and complicated history. Their history is unlike any other immigrants who migrated at the United States at any time. Their island became a focus of the United States in 1898, when they won the island as booty in the Spanish-American war. Puerto Ricans residing in the United States have always had the dilemma of having to straddle both the American and Puerto Rican cultures and Spanish and English languages. In my opinion, Puerto Ricans have never had it easy living in the United States. So when I ask my grandparents, and other older generation Puerto Ricans why they decided to migrate from what I thought was "paradise" to the United States, they all give me the same answer. They wanted a better future for their families. They all felt that once they lived in the United States, opportunity would be knocking at the door. As exemplified in the novel, Memoirs of Bernando Vega: A Contribution to the History of the Puerto Rican Community in New York, Puerto Ricans struggled just as much in the mainland as they did on the island. Because of the relationship between the United States and Puerto Rico, one would think that Puerto Ricans would have had many advantages over other immigrants, especially after passing of the Jones Act of 1917, which granted Puerto Ricans a partial citizenship status. However, that was not the case either. Puerto Ricans still dealt with discrimination, a great deal of setbacks and downfalls, as well as issues of forced assimilation. Their high hopes of becoming successful in the United States usually came to an end after about a month or so of living in the United States when they realized it w... ...sly and were more involved politically. The difference is also due to the times in which these political groups were active, and the level of compliance Puerto Ricans had with the American political system, and improvements to individual organizations. Still there were many improvements made, and the same could not have been accomplished without Vega’s older generation of politicians. Still the efforts continue. It is now up the future generation of young Puerto Ricans to help unite their people, and their community advance. The politics of the Puerto Rican people has evolved from class politics, to ethnic politics, to what is now identity politics. In the beginning they struggled to be heard and represented in their small communities, and now we must continue to fight to have a voice and representation, not just in our community, but in the government as well.

Web Marketing for CVS Drugstore

The web marketing would be the best option for CVS as it is one of the most effective and cost effective online marketing strategy (Businesswire. com, 2006). The following online marketing strategies can be used in the process to attract volume and quality to the online drug store of CVS. CVS is apt at handling the online drugstore with efficient marketing techniques related to information recognition and spread. Click and Mortar delivery options: The marketing strategy at this point is to introduce several customer support options to address the customers issues related to timely delivery of the drugs.Other marketing strategy like online order tracking and easy payment methods would also serve a great strategy. Online order tracking mechanism would be quite helpful to any customer to know the status of the order and accordingly take action. This would also boost their confidence in handling their order. Flexible payment methods would encourage more customers to engage in the online operations. The marketing strategy at this point would be to incorporate several marketing techniques for widespread use. Online merchandising marketing strategy:The various analysis of the products and their category is essential to CVS as they would track at any point of time the various products that are selling presently and focus on the ones who needs a market yet. The marketing aspects at this stage would be to do some online marketing for the company in regard to various products which needs a push. The performance reasons for doing so would foster better sales of the products. Online banners specifically targeting some of the products would be circulated in the online trade centers, retail chains, other stores and so on.The primary activity in marketing at this point is to understand the customer’s needs and thus the analysis of products sale is essential element to this. Knowing the customer well The knowledge of the customers for the prospective CVS products and ser vices were not analyzed correctly. It did not mature from the customer analysis and all efforts to fetch the right customer for the product were not arrived at. This point needs to be stressed severely for personalization benefits. Lack of technological understanding:The large spending of CVS towards making it a successfully integrated online drugs company by marketing it along ISP, mobile and broadband production business would result into large scale analysis and sale of the various marketing preferences enforced in practice. The media propagation and involvement of mobile technology would result in wide spread of the knowledge of CVS products and services. Evaluation of technology The 21st century marketing techniques would involve fetching the internet users an e-marketing solution which would involve promotion of various initiatives at a place which is largely accessible.Some technological aspects which can be considered are web 2. 0 techniques to penetrate into aspects where p eople meet at an internet social place. Podcasts With the incoming of iPods, this tool can be widely used for allowing product marketing. It originally called audio Blogs. The audio recordings in MP3 format. It can be played on desktop computer or other MP3 devices (most famous is Apple’s iPod MP3 player). CVS can use it to its advantage to announce its products. The podcasting is quite an effective way as this technology is largely spreading all over the globe for widespread communications.RSS feeds Timely delivery of message is very crucial for determining the right use of it. CVS can use it to its advantage in entailing a better perspective towards information use and retrieval. The user subscribes to â€Å"RSS feeds† from CVS website. The user then installs software called an â€Å"aggregator† or â€Å"feed reader† onto their computer. The software periodically checks for updates in RSS feeds from different subscribed to websites and updates user with info from the feed. One issue is that there are different RSS formats, and thus compatibility issues.The marketing techniques which can be used for CVS can be expressed using the following rules of information and technology literacy: 1. The ability to recognize a need for information 2. The ability to distinguish ways in which the information ‘gap’ may be addressed 3. The ability to construct strategies for locating information 4. The ability to locate and access information 5. The ability to compare and evaluate information obtained from different sources 6. The ability to organize, apply and communicate information to others in ways appropriateThe basic use of technology would be to ascertain its effective use in business marketing and sales. The primary idea is to establish the various needs and ensure better framework of the idea. The web 2. 0 technology would ensure numerous impacts towards various business objectives (Berners, 2001). The specific E-marketing asp ects would not only revolutionize the online presence but also ensure greater confidence among the stakeholders. The following can be enforced for the CVS drugstore: †¢ Incorporation of Search Engine Optimization (SEO) strategies – This can be well felt as search engines are optimized for the various tags.The SEO factors ensure better search results for all its services. The distinguishing point is that it is optimized for performance in Europe region more than all over the world due to the performance statistics (Strauss, 2005). †¢ Personalization of content: The extensive use of web 2. 0 strategies needs to be exploited at CVS to a large extent. The users would be able to organize information in accordance to their choices like mobile streaming and alert system The incorporation of online video streaming for various products and purchase over the internet would facilitate better use. References/Bibliography Andrews, Todd (2007).Breakthrough in Home Video: CVS/phar macy Introduces World's First Digital One-Time-Use Video Camcorder. Retrieved 2, April 2009 from http://www. prnewswire. com/cgi-bin/stories. pl? ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/06-06-2005/0003818095&EDATE. Berners, T. Lee (2001). Weaving the Web. Orion Business Books. HarperCollins, New York. Businesswire. com (2006). CVS/pharmacy and Photo Channel Launch New Online Photo Service. Retrieved 2, April 2009 from http://www. allbusiness. com/retail/retailers-nonstore-retailers-mail-order-internet/5447368-1. html Strauss, Judy and Frost, Raymond (2005). â€Å"E-Marketing†, 4th Ed, Pearson Prentice Hall.

Imposed in ederly driver

Should special conditions be imposed on elderly Victorian There have been four high-profile traffic accidents Involving older drivers In the past few days. As we known, Victorian Is the only Australia state which does not have compulsory testing of driving license held by older motorists. However, it does not mean that mandatory testing should be imposed on elderly driver in Victorian due to mandatory testing does not make the road safer, older drivers are more cautious and elderly driver promotes economics development. Firstly, mandatory testing of older driver does not make the roads safer.Most of the states have the restrictions for elderly drivers except Victorian. For example, According to Australia government, In New South Wales drivers aged 75 and over must pass an annual medical examination or pass a practical driving test every second years. In Queensland, drivers over 75 must only drive with a medical certificate issued by a doctor. However, according to the Victoria, Vic h ad the lowest older driver crash rate per number of license Issued by comparing the crash rates of elder driver across the country which surprised audience about the statistic.The statistic shows audience older driver in Victoria without legal equipment did not increase the crashes rate however it is safer compare to the other states in Australia. Secondly, most of the drivers are more cautious and therefore there are safer than younger driver. Not only Judith Carlton writes that ‘older drivers actually aware of their own limitations'. For example, by choosing easy-to-manage driving environments or by choosing not to drive at night. T also professor Raphael Criticize from Transport and Road Safety unit at nun of news satisfying people just don't have a perception of risk, in terms of driving skills, in terms of crashes. The media affect our decision. The contrast of two opinions is obvious that older driver are more careful than younger drivers. Thirdly, allowing driver to dri ve will promotes economic development. According to Victoria seniors over 70 had 10 percent of Victorian licenses In 2012 and worse still. Australian the proportion of people over the age of 65 will increase from 11. Recent in 2001 to 24,2 percent in 2051 which means there are more elderly driver in the road. If special condition imposed on elderly Victorian motorists. Many elder drivers will be taken licenses away . Then, it is hard for them to go out and spending money on shopping centre coffee shops and so on because these are away from uptown which also prevent economic development. On the other side, society think of older people do not need cars to travel or to work, public transport is available for older driver.Even though Victoria has a extensive and safe public transport system. Older driver can not easily travel for routine travel to shop and for social reasons because number of run relatively little especially on the weekend, It runs every one hour and finishes earlier w hich means It is Last but not least, driving a car is right of older driver. Forbidden to drive due to the age is unfair. Should older drivers stay on the road will be a serious problem due to aging population. The government needs to work out a good way to help them driving safely.

Essay on Mudras

Essay on Mudras Essay on Mudras Essay on MudrasMudras stand for hand gestures. For several thousands of years mudras have been widely used in India for a number of purposes: in healing process, as storytelling techniques, for emotional expression, in dancing, as well as for evoking the most prominent spiritual conditions. The system of mudras has been elaborated for the application in yoga practices and Indian dancing. In general, there are over 200 hand mudras. Each mudra has its â€Å"specific technique, application, health and spiritual benefits and historical background† (Carroll Carroll 3). Mudras play an important role in the context of traditional spiritual system of India. According to Cain Carroll and Revital Carroll, â€Å"hand mudras or hand gestures have an important role in yogic thought and Indian culture, where they have probably been explained in more detail than perhaps any other tradition† (9). Mudras have an enormous power over human body, solidifying the human body and mind and pr oviding self-enhancement.Some Facts from the History of Mudras  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mudras have a long and colorful history, but the origin of Mudras remains a mystery. According to some researchers, â€Å"the origin of Mudras date to esoteric Buddhism, particularly the Tendai and Shingon sects†(Menen 42). In ancient India, Mudras were used in martial art. The major purpose of application different Mudras was to generate and effectively use spiritual focus and power in fighting. Experts consider that Mudras have some magical explanations, which are often very difficult to understand. Moreover, Mudras were used in important rituals and rites of the old cultural traditions of Hinduism and Buddhism not only in India, but also in Tibet, Japan, China, Indonesia and other Asian countries. The images of Mudras were found in the cave paintings and sculptures of Ajanta and Ellora caves, which date back to the 2 and 1 centuries BC.Besides, the earliest Hindu know ledge about Mudras was recorded in the â€Å"ancient documentations of Mantra Shastra, or â€Å"the book of incantations†, Upasana Shastra, or â€Å"the book of worship and prayers† and the Nritya Shastra, or â€Å"the book of classical dances† (Bansal). Some experts consider that the science of Mudras was originated from yoga practice as the exercises for relaxation.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition, the science of Mudras provides an opportunity to learn how to coordinate the action of five elements in order to awaken the powers of human body. The word â€Å"Mudra† is a Sanskrit word, which means â€Å"sign† or â€Å"seal†. The hand gestures have different positions that help to guide the flow of energy to the brain. The imbalance in human body means that one of five elements is too active, or too weak in its functioning. This imbalance leads to disharmony of the whole system or to various diseases.The Use of Mudras in Practice  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mudras are used in yoga practice. In yoga, Mudras are considered to be the â€Å"developed forms of asanas† (Ramdev 133). Mudras are closely connected with human senses, and in yoga practice, mudras give positive results. There are two categories of Mudras in yoga practice: first, Mudras as hand gestures that regulate the key element of the system, and, second, â€Å"Mudras that help in awakening the Kundalini and elevating the pranas† (Ramdev 133).   It has been found that the universe involves five elements: fire, air, space, earth and water. Human body also has been made of five elements, and the five fingers stand for these elements: â€Å"the thumb represents fire, index finger –air, middle finger –space, ring finger –earth, and the little finger-water† (Ramdev 133). The major goal of yoga practice is to balance these elements. In Hatha Yoga, there are 25 Mudras that affect vario us processes, including cleansing and breathing exercises.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Besides, Mudras are used in Indian classical dance, such as Nritta dance (â€Å"pure dance†) and Nrytia (â€Å"expressional dance†). According to Cain Carroll and Revital Carroll, â€Å"in classical Indian dance there is a significant emphasis on the conscious formation of hand gestures†(23). An Indian dancer should hold her hands in some specific manner and in the proper Mudra. Researchers state that â€Å"the ground for such a unique feature in a dance form lies in the cultural context it emerged within† (Carroll Carroll 23). As classical Indian dance is closely connected with spiritual rituals and religious philosophy, Mudras help to generate energy that comes from the dancer’s hands. As a rule, Mudras used in the classical Indian dance, are the major tools for storytelling. Mudras help to express the emotions of a dancer. Researchers argue th at â€Å"Mudras are used following the view of Tantra, for the purposes of transformation and evolution by stimulating the flow of Shakti (â€Å"primal force†) in the organs, glands, and nerve channels of the body† (Carroll Carroll 23).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moreover, Mudtas are used in Indian iconography, mainly in Hindu and Buddhist art. The ancient scripture NÄ tyaÅ›Ä stra provides a description of 24 asaá ¹ yuta Mudras (one-hand gestures) and 13 saá ¹ yuta Mudras (two-hand gestures). Various hand gestures can be found in Hindu and Buddhist iconography, although there are some differences between iconographic conventions. Researchers believe that various symbolic bone ornaments are also can be viewed as Mudras.Conclusion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, it is necessary to conclude that Mudras have been used for centuries. Mudras are an essential part of ancient rituals of the established cultural traditions in Hindu ism and Buddhism. Mudras are used not only in yoga practice, but also in Indian classical dance and iconography. People honor Mudras as supreme force of cosmos. Mudras help people to obtain three sublime powers the physical, mental and spiritual powers.

the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Essays

the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Essays the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Essay the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Essay At three in the morning on December 7, 1948, after two months of over 80 meetings, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was created. The final obstacle for the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was approval from the United Nation General assembly. In order for the document to be approved it required two-thirds of the vote. On December 10, 1948, the document was adopted. l The United Nation has not been successful at enforcing the Universal Declaration of Human Rights because the underlying values in the document are not actually universal. Different states have different values about human rights. Even though some states signed the document, they did only to appear humane to others and hidden Human right violations continue. In the aftermath of World War II, the United Nations created UDHR for the purpose of preventing the next generation from devastation of international conflict, such as World War II. The last good war was an unprecedented global devastation. The levels of severity of the crimes of Adolf Hitler and his military could not have been predicted by Europe. Before the outbreak of World War II in March 1938, Austria was annexed under Hitler, which led international crises of human rights abuse. 2 Patrakis 2 When Hitlers military invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, this invasion would ignite the largest crimes against humanity the global community ever experienced. Once Hitler invaded Poland, war was declared by France, Britain, Australia, and New Zealand on Germany. This began the outbreak of World War 11. 3 Throughout World War II, Hitler launched attacks on the following countries: Poland, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Yugoslavia, and Greece. The impact Hitler and his military had on the occupied countries and the global community was a horror that not been experienced until Hitler become Germanys chancellor. The lasting effect of World War II was the Holocaust where six million Jews were murdered by Nazi Germany. 5 The manner that was conducted to murder the Jews and other racial, ethic, and disabled populations would involve a variety of methods. 6 The gas chamber would involve weak inmates who were unable to work in the labor camps. 7 There were cases of gas vans and mass shootings. 8 Around 5,000 children of various ages were included in the mass murders. The methods used to murdered children were starvation and overdoses of medicines. 9 The victims of the Holocaust were from thousands of locations in Europe. Winston explains, Second World War is the greatest crime in recorded history, committed on human and geographical scale which far Patrakis 3 surpasses that of other acts of genocide. 10 During the Second World War, Human rights did not exist in terms of international laws. As a result of the mass murders of innocent women, children, and men this was an indication to the world leaders to process of drafting the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was the idea of universalism of rights which would be applied to different types of people. McGuinness explain, social and cultural contexts against pragmatic and realist ccount of resolving armed conflicts. 11 The drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was a difficult process. 12 The process of the declaration would begin once the United Nations was established in 1945. 13 Shortly after, there was tremendous pressure to pass an international bill of rights placed on the Charter of the United Nations. In 1946, the United Nation created the Commission on Human Rights. 14 The Commission was responsible for the draft of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The draft committee includes the following: public fgures Dr. Charles Malik of Lebanon, Alexandre Bogomolov of USSR, Dr. Peng-chun Chang of China, Ren? © Cassin of France Eleanor Roosevelt of United States, Charles Dukes of United Kingdom, William Hodgson of Australia Hernan Santa Cruz of Chile, and John P. Humphrey of Canada. 15 Patrakis 4 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was shaped by seven different stages. In January and February of 1947, the first stage began with the First Session of the committee meeting. As the delegates discussed the content for the internal bill of rights draft, there was an issue about trusting a committee or the secretary with the drafting of the Declaration. The decision was for the Commission Human rights Chairman, Vice-chairman, Rapporteur and the Secretariat to develop the international bill of human rights draft. The second was the First Session of the Drafting Committee. This involved the process of drafting the document. 16 The third stage was Second Session of the full Commission. In December 1947, the Second Session took place. During this session, the different types of organization attend this include seventeen different groups for example American Federation of Labor, International Federation of Christian Trade Union, and Inter-parliamentary Union to name a few. These organization opinions were not viewed as important and were sent to the Commission by the Secretariat in forms of pr? ©cis. 17 The Second Session of the Drafting Committee started in May 1948. This was about discussing an agreement due to the delegates who were holding out on the adoption of declaration and the agreement of the inter bill of rights. The Third Session of the Commission discussion was intense due to the Commission wanting to shorten the burdensome of the draft. The sixth and seventh stages were about The Third Committee of the General Assembly and the Plenary Session of the 1948 Assembly. During the Plenary Session, there debate about Third General Assembly that had led to the approval of the Declaration. 18 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights symbolizes an agreement on different types of human rights for the first time between different nations. However, this declaration is not a legally Patraksi 5 binding treaty. 9 Floor explains, Authority for the United Nations efforts to implement human rights standards is found either in the text of the Charter or in subsequent internal agreement. 20 The issues of human right abuses such as discrimination, torture, child rights and treaties such as Social and Culture Rights are The member states are for the community in the issues allocated with Charter. For example, Article One expresses that the United Nations purpose is to protect human rights. 22 The countries voted for the document but have not been successful in applying those rights to their countries. Flood states, Even if some government do not accept human rights as good in themselves, most government want to be seen as civilized and humane by their peers and by the publics of countries whose cooperation is important to them. 23 In some cases countries will not defend the reasons for abusing citizens and instead will hide the violations. Floods explain, governments are willing to ignore the global community and violate the international human rights laws at the cost of an external relationship. Another effect of not applying to the UDHR Floor explains, political psychological, sometimes it directly affects material interest 24 Contemporary states must understand the consequences when determining internal policies; The United Nations human rights system now constitutes an external factor that any government must take into account in determining policies that affect practical observance of human rights25. Patrakis 6 The Universal Declaration Human Rights document is not actually u niversal. Roberts and Kingsbury explain, It remains the case, that, despite the existence of many purportedly definitive agreements on the subject, different societies have very different conceptions of the content and important of human rights. Due to the diverse concepts about human rights, there are different practices for these nations, and the changes will not occur quickly26. The most influential and powerful countries in Europe have demonstrated violations of the Universal Declaration Human Rights, despite having voted at General Assembly in 1948. 7 These countries include: the United Kingdom, France, and Turkey. The violations these countries have in common are torture and other ill-treatment. The torture and ill-treatment that has occurred in these counties involve law enforcement. In the United Kingdom, there were cases of ill-treatment against detainees in that intelligence officers were allegedly involved. For example, there was involvement of torture and other ill- treatment in the first case of unnamed individual. There have been other allegations of the United Kingdom participation in human rights violations towards detainees individuals detained. 8 Amnesty International a watch dog group, states that in France, The Criminal Code continued to lack a definition of torture in line with the UN Convention against Torture. There was a lack of prompt, independent, impartial and effective investigations into allegations of ill-treatment by law enforcement officials. 29 For example, Lamba Soukouna alleged ill-treatment by police officers. In his statement, he explained, They hit me on the forehead with the butt of a flash-ball gun and started kicking me. I tried to tell them Take it easy. Im sick, Im sick. What have I done to deserve this? They didnt listen and Patrakis 7 kept going. 30 Soukouna said he was on his way home when the police in riot gear charging at a group of people. Soukouna entered his home and police ran inside and grabbed him from behind and pushed him against the wall and beat him severely31. In Turkey, torture and other ill-treatment cases have occurred in police transfer and prison continued. For example, Amnesty International states, two boys held at subject them to abuse including sexual abuse. 32 Under the Universal Declaration Human Rights United Kingdom, France, and Turkey have violated Article five under the document. The Article five states, No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment33. Article five demonstrates how these countries are not following the UDHR. This results in poor treatment and abuse. These examples show that countries are failing to follow UDHR due to this document not being a legally treaty. Therefore, countries are selecting seriate articles to follow under the Universal Declaration Human Rights. Another case of human rights violation in the United Kingdom involv es a legal and policy development that goes against the Declaration. The Justice and Security Bill were published by the United Kingdom government. The Bill expensed closed material procedures to civil cases,34 which the government claimed that such measures were necessary for purposes connected with protecting members of the public from a risk of terrorism. 35 The government would be allowed to use secret Patrakis 8 evidence presented to the court behind closed doors. This would exclude the plaintiff, lawyer and the public. 36 The Bill is allowing sensitive information to be disclosed to and this contains information pertaining to alleged human rights violations, which would assist individuals in a case against a third party. 7 There are concerns that the Bill challenged ethics of equality and open Justice. Amnesty International states, the effort made for victims of human rights violations setback due to secure disclosure of material related to those violations before the courts. 38 The government perceptive of the Bill claim was Judges would have more hearings of national security cases. 39 The Justice and Security Bill viol ates Article ten of the Universal Declaration Human Rights. Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his ights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him. 40 The Justice and Security Bill can affect the outcome of a fair trial. The Bill will allow secret evidence in court only to certain individuals as a result plaintiff and his or her laws are excluded for the evidence which could result in an unfair trial. For example, evidence could be manipulated from being withheld or allowed which could cause the plaintiff being deprived from a fair trial. Under the Universal Declaration Human Rights Article seven states, All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination. 41 However, in France there have been numerous counts of discrimination such as Patrakis 9 disability 56 percent,42 religion or beliefs 55 percent,43 and sexual orientation 61 percent. 44 For example, there have been cases of Muslim women and girls discriminated against. For Muslim women they are denied of a Job and for young girls, they are prevented from attending classes because of headscarf. Marco Perolini expressed, Wearing religious and cultural symbols and dress is part of the right of reedom of expression. It is part of the right to freedom of religion or belief and eighteen Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance. 46 The evidence Perolini reveals that France government is not supporting or applying Article eighteen. The reason political parties and public officials are not opposing the ban on headscarf or reventing additionally discrimination Muslim communities are up against is there need pursuit for votes for the population. This reveals how little power the Universal Declaration Human Rig hts have in the aspects in government. When political parties or government officials are running for re-election or preparing to run they are willing to stop at nothing to gains support or votes. As a consequences legation will not be enforced unless it is poplar issue. Patrakis 10 The Universal Declaration Human Rights states, in Article four No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their orms. 47 Unfortunately, in Turkey, Article four has been broken due to modern day slavery where women, children and men are entrapped in some form of slavery. In some cases people are kidnapped and forced into the sex industries. The most common form of slavery is women. According to Sharma and Atria, Trafficking in women for the purpose of sexual exploitation is a multibillion dollar shadow market. The value of the global trade in women as commodities for sex industries is estimated to be between seven and twelve billion dollar annually. 48 The amounts of money these smugglers can reactive demonstrate the reason for eighty percent of omen and girls being victims of sex slavery and thirty-nine point seven percent from Turkey. 49 The preferred location for trafficking women is Turkey based on geographic location bordering and bridging. 0 Due to the high percent of women and children are trafficked and the easy access and McGarre explain, Turkey is developing protocol to prevent, suppress and punish trafficking. Turkey has endorsed the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. In eighty-one cities in Turkey are accordance in accepted the international definition. However, and McGarre state, operationalization of human traffickin g as a rime is not quite as straight forward as in other type of crimes because of the small number of cases of human trafficking in most cities. In fifty-eight cities, there were no cases and in twenty-three cities there were one or more cases on human Patrakis 11 tracking during that year. 51 Even though, the Turkey government is anti-traffcking and is trying to improvements in its efforts to convict and smugglers there is still gaps in their system. Human rights violation still continues throughout the international communities even though, the Universal Declaration Human Rights has been adopted. The reason this document was created was to prevent the next generation from devastation of international conflict. The document has no legally binding effect because it is not a legal treaty. Therefore, the document can only be that had voted for the Universal Declaration Human Rights have violated those rights. The United Kingdom, Turkey and France have demonstrated different types of violations against the document. As a result of these countries not supporting certain articles in the document, this demonstrates that the United Nations has not been successful at enforcing UDHR. Bibliography Trafficking: a Historical Cohort Study. BMC Psychiatry 13, no. 1 (September 2013): 1-11 . Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed October21 , 2013). Amnesty International. In Amnesty International Report 2013. London: Amnesty International Ltd Peter Benenson House, 2013. Amnesty International. Left in the Dark The Use of Secret Evidence in the United Kingdom. London: Amnesty International, 2012. Bukey, Evan B. Hitlers Hometown under Nazi Rule: Linz, Austria, 1938-45. Central European History (Brill Academic Publishers) 16, no. 2 Oune 1983): 171 . Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed October 21, 2013). DarraJ, Susan M. In The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Overcoming Hurdles. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 2010. European Commission, Discrimination in the EU 2012, by TNS OPINION SOCIAL, ZA5613. arussels, Belgium, 2012. Flood, Patrick J. In The Effectiveness of UN Human Rights Institutions. Westport: Praeger, 1998. Gudmundur Alfredsson, AsbJrn Eide, Nasire RizaJ,Naim Osman, and Martti Koskenniemi. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: A Common Standard of Achievement. Hague: Martinus NiJhoff, 1999. Haywood, John. In Concise Atlas of World History: World War II in Europe 1939-1942. Abingdon: Andromeda,1997. Immell, Myra. World War II: In Why Britain Had to Fight. San Diego: Green haven press, 2001. ?–nder and Edmund F. McGarrellE. F, Association between migrant prostitution, trafficking in women and serious crime in Turkey, International Journal of Security and Terrorism, , accessed October 23,2013. Marco Perolini, Muslims discriminated against for demonstrating their faith, Amnesty International. April 23, 2012, accessed October 10, 2013, http:// www. amnesty. org/en/news/muslims-discriminated-against-demonstrating-their- faith-2012-04-23 Mcguinness, Margaret E. Peace v. Justice: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights nd the Modern Origins of the Debate. Diplomatic History 35, no. 5 (November 2011): 749-768. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed October 21, 2013). Patrakis 13 Morsink, Johannes. In The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Origins, Drafting, Salman, Salman M. , and Siobh? ¤n Lankford. The human right to water legal and policy dimensions. Distract Colombia: World Bank, 2004. Sharma, ManoJ, and Ashutosh Atri . Essentials of International Health. Sudbury: Bartlett Publishers,2010. Soukouna, LambaFrance. Interview. Police ill-treatment in France: Lamba Soukouna. Amnesty International, Europe, September 12, 2009. Sreenivasan, Jyotsna. In Poverty and the Government in America: a Historical Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2009. Toktas, Sule, and Hande Selimoglu. Smuggling and Trafficking in Turkey: An Analysis of Ell-Turkey Cooperation in Combating Transnational Organized Crime. Journal Of Balkan Near Eastern Studies 14, no. 1 (March 2012): 135-150. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed October21 , 2013). United Nations. Universal Declaration of Human Rights 60th Anniversary Special Edition, 1948-2008. New York: united Nations, 2008. Winstone, Martin. In The Holocaust Sites of Europe an Historical Guide. London: Taurus, 2010.